the most famous and significant ruler of modern Egypt. He was an Albanian appointed by the Ottoman Empire in 1805 to restore order in Egypt after the french occupation. Soon, Muhammad Ali Pasha established himself as an independent ruler of Egypt and Sudan. He massacred all his rivals by what is known as “The Massacre of the Citadel”. As Wāli, Muhammad Ali attempted to modernize Egypt by instituting dramatic reforms in the military, economic and cultural spheres.